Global Walking Aids Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- Impact and Recovery
- Report Code : MAI2372819
- Published On: Apr, 2021
- Category : Healthcare & Pharma
- Pages : 111
-
Based on the Walking Aids market development status, competitive landscape and development model in different regions of the world, this report is dedicated to providing niche markets, potential risks and comprehensive competitive strategy analysis in different fields. From the competitive advantages of different types of products and services, the development opportunities and consumption characteristics and structure analysis of the downstream application fields are all analyzed in detail. To Boost Growth during the epidemic era, this report analyzes in detail for the potential risks and opportunities which can be focused on.
In Chapter 2.4 of the report, we share our perspectives for the impact of COVID-19 from the long and short term.
In chapter 3.4, we provide the influence of the crisis on the industry chain, especially for marketing channels.
In chapters 8-13, we update the timely industry economic revitalization plan of the country-wise government.
Key players in the global Walking Aids market covered in Chapter 5:
Eurovema Mobility AB
GF Health Products, Inc.
Evolution Technology, Inc.
Karman Healthcare
Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands)
Benmor Medical Ltd.
Topro Industrie AS
Invacare Corporation
Briggs Healthcare Corporation
Human Care AB
In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Walking Aids market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Rollators
Walkers
Others
In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Walking Aids market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Mobility Aids for Children
Mobility Aids for Elderly
Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2025) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8-13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 9)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 10)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 11)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 13)
UAE
Egypt
South Africa
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
-
With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Walking Aids market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Table of Content
1 Market Overview1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
1.2 Global Walking Aids Market Size
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
1.5 SWOT Analysis
2. Market Dynamics2.1 Market Drivers
2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
2.3 Emerging Market Trends
2.4 Impact of COVID-19
2.4.1 Short-term Impact
2.4.2 Long-term Impact
3 Associated Industry Assessment3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Industry Active Participants
3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers3.3 Alternative Analysis
3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain
4 Market Competitive Landscape4.1 Industry Leading Players
4.2 Industry News
4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans
5 Analysis of Leading Companies5.1 Eurovema Mobility AB
5.1.1 Eurovema Mobility AB Company Profile
5.1.2 Eurovema Mobility AB Business Overview
5.1.3 Eurovema Mobility AB Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.1.4 Eurovema Mobility AB Walking Aids Products Introduction5.2 GF Health Products, Inc.
5.2.1 GF Health Products, Inc. Company Profile
5.2.2 GF Health Products, Inc. Business Overview
5.2.3 GF Health Products, Inc. Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.2.4 GF Health Products, Inc. Walking Aids Products Introduction5.3 Evolution Technology, Inc.
5.3.1 Evolution Technology, Inc. Company Profile
5.3.2 Evolution Technology, Inc. Business Overview
5.3.3 Evolution Technology, Inc. Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.3.4 Evolution Technology, Inc. Walking Aids Products Introduction5.4 Karman Healthcare
5.4.1 Karman Healthcare Company Profile
5.4.2 Karman Healthcare Business Overview
5.4.3 Karman Healthcare Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.4.4 Karman Healthcare Walking Aids Products Introduction5.5 Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands)
5.5.1 Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Company Profile
5.5.2 Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Business Overview
5.5.3 Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.5.4 Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Walking Aids Products Introduction5.6 Benmor Medical Ltd.
5.6.1 Benmor Medical Ltd. Company Profile
5.6.2 Benmor Medical Ltd. Business Overview
5.6.3 Benmor Medical Ltd. Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.6.4 Benmor Medical Ltd. Walking Aids Products Introduction
5.7 Topro Industrie AS
5.7.1 Topro Industrie AS Company Profile
5.7.2 Topro Industrie AS Business Overview
5.7.3 Topro Industrie AS Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.7.4 Topro Industrie AS Walking Aids Products Introduction
5.8 Invacare Corporation
5.8.1 Invacare Corporation Company Profile
5.8.2 Invacare Corporation Business Overview
5.8.3 Invacare Corporation Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.8.4 Invacare Corporation Walking Aids Products Introduction
5.9 Briggs Healthcare Corporation
5.9.1 Briggs Healthcare Corporation Company Profile
5.9.2 Briggs Healthcare Corporation Business Overview
5.9.3 Briggs Healthcare Corporation Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.9.4 Briggs Healthcare Corporation Walking Aids Products Introduction5.10 Human Care AB
5.10.1 Human Care AB Company Profile
5.10.2 Human Care AB Business Overview
5.10.3 Human Care AB Walking Aids Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.10.4 Human Care AB Walking Aids Products Introduction
6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types6.1 Global Walking Aids Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global Walking Aids Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global Walking Aids Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.3 Global Walking Aids Price by Types (2015-2020)6.2 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.1 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)6.3 Global Walking Aids Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
6.3.1 Global Walking Aids Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Rollators
6.3.2 Global Walking Aids Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Walkers
6.3.3 Global Walking Aids Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Others6.4 Global Walking Aids Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
6.4.1 Rollators Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.2 Walkers Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.3 Others Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications7.1 Global Walking Aids Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global Walking Aids Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global Walking Aids Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)7.2 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.1 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.2 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
7.3.1 Global Walking Aids Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Mobility Aids for Children (2015-2020)
7.3.2 Global Walking Aids Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Mobility Aids for Elderly (2015-2020)7.4 Global Walking Aids Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
7.4.1 Mobility Aids for Children Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7.4.2 Mobility Aids for Elderly Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions8.1 Global Walking Aids Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
8.2 Global Walking Aids Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
8.3 Global Walking Aids Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
9 North America Walking Aids Market Analysis9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
9.2 North America Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.3 North America Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.4 North America Walking Aids Market Forecast
9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
9.6 North America Walking Aids Market Analysis by Country
9.6.1 U.S. Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.2 Canada Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.3 Mexico Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10 Europe Walking Aids Market Analysis10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
10.2 Europe Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.3 Europe Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4 Europe Walking Aids Market Forecast
10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
10.6 Europe Walking Aids Market Analysis by Country
10.6.1 Germany Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.2 United Kingdom Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.3 France Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.4 Italy Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.5 Spain Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.6 Russia Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
11 Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Analysis11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
11.2 Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.3 Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.4 Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Forecast
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
11.6 Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Analysis by Country
11.6.1 China Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.2 Japan Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.3 South Korea Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.4 Australia Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.5 India Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
12 South America Walking Aids Market Analysis12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
12.2 South America Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.3 South America Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.4 South America Walking Aids Market Forecast
12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
12.6 South America Walking Aids Market Analysis by Country
12.6.1 Brazil Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.2 Argentina Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.3 Columbia Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
13 Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Analysis13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
13.2 Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.3 Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.4 Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Forecast
13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
13.6 Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Analysis by Country
13.6.1 UAE Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.2 Egypt Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.3 South Africa Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate
14 Conclusions and Recommendations14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
14.2 Advice for Investors
15 Appendix15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Table Walking Aids Key Market Segments
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Supply Chain
Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Walking Aids
Table Major Players Revenue in 2019
Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019
Table Eurovema Mobility AB Company Profile
Table Eurovema Mobility AB Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Eurovema Mobility AB Production and Growth Rate
Figure Eurovema Mobility AB Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table GF Health Products, Inc. Company Profile
Table GF Health Products, Inc. Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure GF Health Products, Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure GF Health Products, Inc. Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Evolution Technology, Inc. Company Profile
Table Evolution Technology, Inc. Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Evolution Technology, Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Evolution Technology, Inc. Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Karman Healthcare Company Profile
Table Karman Healthcare Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Karman Healthcare Production and Growth Rate
Figure Karman Healthcare Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Company Profile
Table Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Production and Growth Rate
Figure Compass Health Brands Corporation (Carex Health Brands) Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Benmor Medical Ltd. Company Profile
Table Benmor Medical Ltd. Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Benmor Medical Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Benmor Medical Ltd. Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Topro Industrie AS Company Profile
Table Topro Industrie AS Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Topro Industrie AS Production and Growth Rate
Figure Topro Industrie AS Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Invacare Corporation Company Profile
Table Invacare Corporation Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Invacare Corporation Production and Growth Rate
Figure Invacare Corporation Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Briggs Healthcare Corporation Company Profile
Table Briggs Healthcare Corporation Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Briggs Healthcare Corporation Production and Growth Rate
Figure Briggs Healthcare Corporation Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Human Care AB Company Profile
Table Human Care AB Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Human Care AB Production and Growth Rate
Figure Human Care AB Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Global Walking Aids Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)
Figure Global Rollators Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Rollators Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walkers Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walkers Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Rollators (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Rollators (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Walkers (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Walkers (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Figure Global Mobility Aids for Children Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Mobility Aids for Children Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Mobility Aids for Elderly Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Mobility Aids for Elderly Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Mobility Aids for Children (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Mobility Aids for Children (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Mobility Aids for Elderly (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Mobility Aids for Elderly (2020-2025)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walking Aids Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Walking Aids Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Walking Aids Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Walking Aids Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Figure North America Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure North America Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure U.S. Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Germany Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure China Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure South America Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Brazil Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Walking Aids Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure UAE Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Walking Aids Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
-
The Global Walking Aids Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.
Report Objectives / Segmentation Covered :
By Companies / players:
By Regions:
By Type:
By Application:
Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
Companies in the Global Walking Aids Industry will need to adapt swiftly to the behavioral changes that are reshaping consumer decision journeys.
Global Walking Aids has a wide range of applications, including
In 2023, the Global Walking Aids Market share exceeded USD xx million. Between 2024 and 2029, it will grow at a CAGR of yy%.
The influx of capital into the Global Walking Aids Market, as well as the deployment of technologies designed to increase efficiency and yield high volume, are paving the way for promising market opportunities.
In this highly competitive and rapidly evolving Global Walking Aids Industry, top strategic priorities such as innovation, diversification, and M&A would remain consistent.