Global Online Higher Education Market Report 2023 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2026 (Based on 2020 Worldwide Spread)
- Report Code : MAI2189455
- Published On: Dec, 2020
- Category : Computing & Technology
- Pages : 111
-
The Online Higher Education market is expected to grow from USD X.X million in 2020 to USD X.X million by 2026, at a CAGR of X.X% during the forecast period. The global Online Higher Education market report is a comprehensive research that focuses on the overall consumption structure, development trends, sales models and sales of top countries in the global Online Higher Education market. The report focuses on well-known providers in the global Online Higher Education industry, market segments, competition, and the macro environment.
Under COVID-19 Outbreak, how the Online Higher Education Industry will develop is also analyzed in detail in Chapter 1.7 of the report.
In Chapter 2.4, we analyzed industry trends in the context of COVID-19.
In Chapter 3.5, we analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the product industry chain based on the upstream and downstream markets.
In Chapters 6 to 10 of the report, we analyze the impact of COVID-19 on various regions and major countries.
In chapter 13.5, the impact of COVID-19 on the future development of the industry is pointed out.
A holistic study of the market is made by considering a variety of factors, from demographics conditions and business cycles in a particular country to market-specific microeconomic impacts. The study found the shift in market paradigms in terms of regional competitive advantage and the competitive landscape of major players.
Key players in the global Online Higher Education market covered in Chapter 4:
Skillshare
Lynda
Udemy
Coursera
Edx
Khan Academy
Udacity
Linkedin learning
In Chapter 11 and 13.3, on the basis of types, the Online Higher Education market from 2015 to 2026 is primarily split into:
Degree
Non-degree courses
In Chapter 12 and 13.4, on the basis of applications, the Online Higher Education market from 2015 to 2026 covers:
Commerce and management
STEM
Arts
Others
Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2026) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 6 and 13)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 7 and 13)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 8 and 13)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
Southeast Asia
Others
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 9 and 13)
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Egypt
Nigeria
South Africa
Others
South America (Covered in Chapter 10 and 13)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Chile
Others
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2026
-
With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Online Higher Education market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Table of Content
1 Report Overview1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Regulatory Scenario by Region/Country
1.4 Market Investment Scenario Strategic
1.5 Market Analysis by Type
1.5.1 Global Online Higher Education Market Share by Type (2020-2026)
1.5.2 Degree
1.5.3 Non-degree courses1.6 Market by Application
1.6.1 Global Online Higher Education Market Share by Application (2020-2026)
1.6.2 Commerce and management
1.6.3 STEM
1.6.4 Arts
1.6.5 Others
1.7 Online Higher Education Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
1.7.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
1.7.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Online Higher Education Industry Development
2. Global Market Growth Trends2.1 Industry Trends
2.1.1 SWOT Analysis
2.1.2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis2.2 Potential Market and Growth Potential Analysis
2.3 Industry News and Policies by Regions
2.3.1 Industry News
2.3.2 Industry Policies2.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19
3 Value Chain of Online Higher Education Market3.1 Value Chain Status
3.2 Online Higher Education Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
3.2.1 Production Process Analysis
3.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Online Higher Education
3.2.3 Labor Cost of Online Higher Education
3.2.3.1 Labor Cost of Online Higher Education Under COVID-193.3 Sales and Marketing Model Analysis
3.4 Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)
3.5 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
4 Players Profiles4.1 Skillshare
4.1.1 Skillshare Basic Information
4.1.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.1.3 Skillshare Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.1.4 Skillshare Business Overview4.2 Lynda
4.2.1 Lynda Basic Information
4.2.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.2.3 Lynda Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.2.4 Lynda Business Overview4.3 Udemy
4.3.1 Udemy Basic Information
4.3.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.3.3 Udemy Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.3.4 Udemy Business Overview4.4 Coursera
4.4.1 Coursera Basic Information
4.4.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.4.3 Coursera Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.4.4 Coursera Business Overview4.5 Edx
4.5.1 Edx Basic Information
4.5.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.5.3 Edx Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.5.4 Edx Business Overview4.6 Khan Academy
4.6.1 Khan Academy Basic Information
4.6.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.6.3 Khan Academy Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.6.4 Khan Academy Business Overview
4.7 Udacity
4.7.1 Udacity Basic Information
4.7.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.7.3 Udacity Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.7.4 Udacity Business Overview
4.8 Linkedin learning
4.8.1 Linkedin learning Basic Information
4.8.2 Online Higher Education Product Profiles, Application and Specification
4.8.3 Linkedin learning Online Higher Education Market Performance (2015-2020)
4.8.4 Linkedin learning Business Overview
5 Global Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Regions5.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
5.1.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
5.1.2 Global Online Higher Education Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)5.2 North America Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.3 Europe Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.4 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.5 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.6 South America Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6 North America Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Countries6.1 North America Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
6.1.1 North America Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
6.1.2 North America Online Higher Education Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
6.1.3 North America Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-196.2 United States Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.2.1 United States Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-196.3 Canada Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.4 Mexico Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7 Europe Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Countries7.1 Europe Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Europe Online Higher Education Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
7.1.3 Europe Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-197.2 Germany Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.2.1 Germany Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-197.3 UK Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.3.1 UK Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-197.4 France Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.4.1 France Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-197.5 Italy Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.5.1 Italy Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-197.6 Spain Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.6.1 Spain Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-19
7.7 Russia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7.7.1 Russia Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-19
8 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Countries8.1 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
8.1.1 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
8.1.2 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
8.1.3 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-198.2 China Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.2.1 China Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-198.3 Japan Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.3.1 Japan Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-198.4 South Korea Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.4.1 South Korea Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-198.5 Australia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.6 India Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.6.1 India Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-19
8.7 Southeast Asia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8.7.1 Southeast Asia Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-19
9 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Countries9.1 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-199.2 Saudi Arabia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.3 UAE Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.4 Egypt Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.5 Nigeria Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.6 South Africa Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10 South America Online Higher Education Market Analysis by Countries10.1 South America Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
10.1.1 South America Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
10.1.2 South America Online Higher Education Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
10.1.3 South America Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-1910.2 Brazil Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.2.1 Brazil Online Higher Education Market Under COVID-1910.3 Argentina Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4 Columbia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.5 Chile Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11 Global Online Higher Education Market Segment by Types11.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
11.1.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
11.1.2 Global Online Higher Education Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)11.2 Degree Sales and Price (2015-2020)
11.3 Non-degree courses Sales and Price (2015-2020)
12 Global Online Higher Education Market Segment by Applications12.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
12.1.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
12.1.2 Global Online Higher Education Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)12.2 Commerce and management Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.3 STEM Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.4 Arts Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.5 Others Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13 Online Higher Education Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026)13.1 Global Online Higher Education Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2026)
13.2 Online Higher Education Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026)
13.2.1 North America Online Higher Education Market Forecast (2020-2026)
13.2.2 Europe Online Higher Education Market Forecast (2020-2026)
13.2.3 Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Market Forecast (2020-2026)
13.2.4 Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Market Forecast (2020-2026)
13.2.5 South America Online Higher Education Market Forecast (2020-2026)13.3 Online Higher Education Market Forecast by Types (2020-2026)
13.4 Online Higher Education Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2026)
13.5 Online Higher Education Market Forecast Under COVID-19
14 Appendix14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Table Global Online Higher Education Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2020-2026)
Figure Global Online Higher Education Market Share by Type in 2019 & 2026
Figure Degree Features
Figure Non-degree courses Features
Table Global Online Higher Education Market Size Growth by Application (2020-2026)
Figure Global Online Higher Education Market Share by Application in 2019 & 2026
Figure Commerce and management Description
Figure STEM Description
Figure Arts Description
Figure Others Description
Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview
Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Online Higher Education Industry Development
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Figure Global Online Higher Education Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2026
Table Industry News
Table Industry Policies
Figure Value Chain Status of Online Higher Education
Figure Production Process of Online Higher Education
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Online Higher Education
Figure Major Company Analysis (by Business Distribution Base, by Product Type)
Table Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)
Table Skillshare Profile
Table Skillshare Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Lynda Profile
Table Lynda Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Udemy Profile
Table Udemy Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Coursera Profile
Table Coursera Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Edx Profile
Table Edx Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Khan Academy Profile
Table Khan Academy Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Udacity Profile
Table Udacity Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Table Linkedin learning Profile
Table Linkedin learning Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Global Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2015
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure North America Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)
Table North America Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
Table North America Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure North America Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure North America Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table North America Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table North America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure North America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure North America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure United States Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Online Higher Education Sales and Growth (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Revenue ($) Growth (2015-2020)
Table Europe Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Europe Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Europe Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Europe Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Germany Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure UK Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure China Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Southeast Asia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Saudi Arabia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure UAE Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Nigeria Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)
Table South America Online Higher Education Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America Online Higher Education Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure South America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015
Figure South America Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Brazil Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Chile Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global Degree Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Degree Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Non-degree courses Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Non-degree courses Price (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Figure Global Commerce and management Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Commerce and management Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global STEM Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global STEM Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Arts Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Arts Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Online Higher Education Sales and Growth Rate (2020-2026)
Figure Global Online Higher Education Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Forecast by Regions (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast by Regions (2020-2026)
Figure North America Online Higher Education Sales Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure North America Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Sales Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Europe Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Sales Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Asia-Pacific Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Sales Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure Middle East and Africa Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure South America Online Higher Education Sales Forecast (2020-2026)
Figure South America Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Forecast by Types (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Market Share Forecast by Types (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast by Types (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share Forecast by Types (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Forecast by Applications (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Sales Market Share Forecast by Applications (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Forecast by Applications (2020-2026)
Table Global Online Higher Education Revenue Market Share Forecast by Applications (2020-2026)
-
The Global Online Higher Education Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.
Report Objectives / Segmentation Covered :
By Companies / players:
By Regions:
By Type:
By Application:
Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
During the projected year from 2024 to 2029, the Global Online Higher Education Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx%.
According to the Global Online Higher Education Market research paper, organizations are making more progress than their supply chain counterparts, including suppliers.
The majority of data for the Global Online Higher Education Industry is gathered through primary sources, which include interviews and surveys with industry experts from the core and related industries involved in the supply chain. Secondary sources, such as SEC filings, annual reports, whitepapers, and press releases, are also used.