Global Fence Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- Impact and Recovery
- Report Code : MAI2165885
- Published On: Apr, 2021
- Category : Manufacturing
- Pages : 108
-
A fence is a structure that is typically enclosed in an enclosed area and is typically constructed from columns that are connected by plates, wires, rails or nets.
Based on the Fence market development status, competitive landscape and development model in different regions of the world, this report is dedicated to providing niche markets, potential risks and comprehensive competitive strategy analysis in different fields. From the competitive advantages of different types of products and services, the development opportunities and consumption characteristics and structure analysis of the downstream application fields are all analyzed in detail. To Boost Growth during the epidemic era, this report analyzes in detail for the potential risks and opportunities which can be focused on.
In Chapter 2.4 of the report, we share our perspectives for the impact of COVID-19 from the long and short term.
In chapter 3.4, we provide the influence of the crisis on the industry chain, especially for marketing channels.
In chapters 8-13, we update the timely industry economic revitalization plan of the country-wise government.
Key players in the global Fence market covered in Chapter 5:
Long Fence Company Inc.
KPPD Szczecinek S.A.
Associated Materials LLC
Ameristar Fence Products Inc
Shenzhen Tongher Technology
Allied Tube and Conduit
Betafence NV
Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD
Gunreben
Shenzhen Lanstar
In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Fence market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Metal
wood
Plastic & Composite
Concrete
Others
In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Fence market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Residential
Agricultural
Industrial
Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2025) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8-13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 9)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 10)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 11)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 13)
UAE
Egypt
South Africa
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
-
With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Fence market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Table of Content
1 Market Overview1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
1.2 Global Fence Market Size
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
1.5 SWOT Analysis
2. Market Dynamics2.1 Market Drivers
2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
2.3 Emerging Market Trends
2.4 Impact of COVID-19
2.4.1 Short-term Impact
2.4.2 Long-term Impact
3 Associated Industry Assessment3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Industry Active Participants
3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers3.3 Alternative Analysis
3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain
4 Market Competitive Landscape4.1 Industry Leading Players
4.2 Industry News
4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans
5 Analysis of Leading Companies5.1 Long Fence Company Inc.
5.1.1 Long Fence Company Inc. Company Profile
5.1.2 Long Fence Company Inc. Business Overview
5.1.3 Long Fence Company Inc. Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.1.4 Long Fence Company Inc. Fence Products Introduction5.2 KPPD Szczecinek S.A.
5.2.1 KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Company Profile
5.2.2 KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Business Overview
5.2.3 KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.2.4 KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Fence Products Introduction5.3 Associated Materials LLC
5.3.1 Associated Materials LLC Company Profile
5.3.2 Associated Materials LLC Business Overview
5.3.3 Associated Materials LLC Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.3.4 Associated Materials LLC Fence Products Introduction5.4 Ameristar Fence Products Inc
5.4.1 Ameristar Fence Products Inc Company Profile
5.4.2 Ameristar Fence Products Inc Business Overview
5.4.3 Ameristar Fence Products Inc Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.4.4 Ameristar Fence Products Inc Fence Products Introduction5.5 Shenzhen Tongher Technology
5.5.1 Shenzhen Tongher Technology Company Profile
5.5.2 Shenzhen Tongher Technology Business Overview
5.5.3 Shenzhen Tongher Technology Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.5.4 Shenzhen Tongher Technology Fence Products Introduction5.6 Allied Tube and Conduit
5.6.1 Allied Tube and Conduit Company Profile
5.6.2 Allied Tube and Conduit Business Overview
5.6.3 Allied Tube and Conduit Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.6.4 Allied Tube and Conduit Fence Products Introduction
5.7 Betafence NV
5.7.1 Betafence NV Company Profile
5.7.2 Betafence NV Business Overview
5.7.3 Betafence NV Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.7.4 Betafence NV Fence Products Introduction
5.8 Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD
5.8.1 Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Company Profile
5.8.2 Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Business Overview
5.8.3 Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.8.4 Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Fence Products Introduction
5.9 Gunreben
5.9.1 Gunreben Company Profile
5.9.2 Gunreben Business Overview
5.9.3 Gunreben Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.9.4 Gunreben Fence Products Introduction5.10 Shenzhen Lanstar
5.10.1 Shenzhen Lanstar Company Profile
5.10.2 Shenzhen Lanstar Business Overview
5.10.3 Shenzhen Lanstar Fence Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5.10.4 Shenzhen Lanstar Fence Products Introduction
6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types6.1 Global Fence Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global Fence Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global Fence Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.3 Global Fence Price by Types (2015-2020)6.2 Global Fence Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.1 Global Fence Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)6.3 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
6.3.1 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Metal
6.3.2 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate of wood
6.3.3 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Plastic & Composite
6.3.4 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Concrete
6.3.5 Global Fence Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Others6.4 Global Fence Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
6.4.1 Metal Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.2 wood Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.3 Plastic & Composite Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.4 Concrete Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
6.4.5 Others Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications7.1 Global Fence Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global Fence Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global Fence Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)7.2 Global Fence Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.1 Global Fence Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
7.2.2 Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
7.3.1 Global Fence Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Residential (2015-2020)
7.3.2 Global Fence Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Agricultural (2015-2020)
7.3.3 Global Fence Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Industrial (2015-2020)7.4 Global Fence Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
7.4.1 Residential Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7.4.2 Agricultural Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7.4.3 Industrial Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions8.1 Global Fence Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
8.2 Global Fence Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
8.3 Global Fence Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
9 North America Fence Market Analysis9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
9.2 North America Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.3 North America Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.4 North America Fence Market Forecast
9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
9.6 North America Fence Market Analysis by Country
9.6.1 U.S. Fence Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.2 Canada Fence Sales and Growth Rate
9.6.3 Mexico Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10 Europe Fence Market Analysis10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
10.2 Europe Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.3 Europe Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4 Europe Fence Market Forecast
10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
10.6 Europe Fence Market Analysis by Country
10.6.1 Germany Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.2 United Kingdom Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.3 France Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.4 Italy Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.5 Spain Fence Sales and Growth Rate
10.6.6 Russia Fence Sales and Growth Rate
11 Asia-Pacific Fence Market Analysis11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
11.2 Asia-Pacific Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.3 Asia-Pacific Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.4 Asia-Pacific Fence Market Forecast
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
11.6 Asia-Pacific Fence Market Analysis by Country
11.6.1 China Fence Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.2 Japan Fence Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.3 South Korea Fence Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.4 Australia Fence Sales and Growth Rate
11.6.5 India Fence Sales and Growth Rate
12 South America Fence Market Analysis12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
12.2 South America Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.3 South America Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.4 South America Fence Market Forecast
12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
12.6 South America Fence Market Analysis by Country
12.6.1 Brazil Fence Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.2 Argentina Fence Sales and Growth Rate
12.6.3 Columbia Fence Sales and Growth Rate
13 Middle East and Africa Fence Market Analysis13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
13.2 Middle East and Africa Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.3 Middle East and Africa Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.4 Middle East and Africa Fence Market Forecast
13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
13.6 Middle East and Africa Fence Market Analysis by Country
13.6.1 UAE Fence Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.2 Egypt Fence Sales and Growth Rate
13.6.3 South Africa Fence Sales and Growth Rate
14 Conclusions and Recommendations14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
14.2 Advice for Investors
15 Appendix15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture
Figure Global Fence Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Table Fence Key Market Segments
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Supply Chain
Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Fence
Table Major Players Revenue in 2019
Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019
Table Long Fence Company Inc. Company Profile
Table Long Fence Company Inc. Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Long Fence Company Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Long Fence Company Inc. Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Company Profile
Table KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Production and Growth Rate
Figure KPPD Szczecinek S.A. Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Associated Materials LLC Company Profile
Table Associated Materials LLC Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Associated Materials LLC Production and Growth Rate
Figure Associated Materials LLC Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Ameristar Fence Products Inc Company Profile
Table Ameristar Fence Products Inc Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Ameristar Fence Products Inc Production and Growth Rate
Figure Ameristar Fence Products Inc Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Shenzhen Tongher Technology Company Profile
Table Shenzhen Tongher Technology Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Shenzhen Tongher Technology Production and Growth Rate
Figure Shenzhen Tongher Technology Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Allied Tube and Conduit Company Profile
Table Allied Tube and Conduit Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Allied Tube and Conduit Production and Growth Rate
Figure Allied Tube and Conduit Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Betafence NV Company Profile
Table Betafence NV Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Betafence NV Production and Growth Rate
Figure Betafence NV Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Company Profile
Table Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Production and Growth Rate
Figure Shanghai Seven Trust industrial co., LTD Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Gunreben Company Profile
Table Gunreben Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Gunreben Production and Growth Rate
Figure Gunreben Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Shenzhen Lanstar Company Profile
Table Shenzhen Lanstar Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Shenzhen Lanstar Production and Growth Rate
Figure Shenzhen Lanstar Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Global Fence Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)
Figure Global Metal Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Metal Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global wood Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global wood Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Plastic & Composite Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Plastic & Composite Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Concrete Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Concrete Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Metal (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Metal (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of wood (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of wood (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Plastic & Composite (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Plastic & Composite (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Concrete (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Concrete (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Figure Global Residential Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Residential Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Agricultural Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Agricultural Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Industrial Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Industrial Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Residential (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Residential (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Agricultural (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Agricultural (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Industrial (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Industrial (2020-2025)
Figure Global Fence Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Fence Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Fence Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Fence Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Fence Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Fence Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Figure North America Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Fence Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure North America Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure U.S. Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Fence Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Germany Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Fence Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure China Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Fence Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure South America Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Brazil Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Fence Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Fence Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Fence Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure UAE Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Fence Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
-
The Global Fence Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.
Report Objectives / Segmentation Covered :
By Companies / players:
By Regions:
By Type:
By Application:
Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
MI used a variety of industry standards such as NAICS, ICB, TRIC, and others to identify functional players in the industry, which they then shortlist and validate in an iterative process to finalize the most relevant players.
In 2024, the Global Fence Market share exceeded USD xx million. Between 2025 and 2030, it will grow at a CAGR of yy%.
The Global Fence Market research study aids businesses in strategic planning so that they may realize and gain business value from their growth strategies.
The majority of data for the Global Fence Industry is gathered through primary sources, which include interviews and surveys with industry experts from the core and related industries involved in the supply chain. Secondary sources, such as SEC filings, annual reports, whitepapers, and press releases, are also used.
