Global Automatic Door Closer Market Status (2019-2022) and Forecast (2024-2031) by Region, Product Type & End-Use

  • The report forecast global Automatic Door Closer market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2025 due to coronavirus situation.

    The report offers detailed coverage of Automatic Door Closer industry and main market trends with impact of coronavirus. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Automatic Door Closer by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.

    First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global Automatic Door Closer market for 2015-2024.

    And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru].

    At the same time, we classify Automatic Door Closer according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application.

    Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Automatic Door Closer company.

    Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) :

    Part 1:

    Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region

    Part 2:

    Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc.

    Part 3:

    Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography

    Part 4:

    Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography

    Part 5:

    Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography

    Part 6:

    North America Market by Type, Application & Geography

    Part 7:

    South America Market by Type, Application & Geography

    Part 8:

    Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography

    Part 9:

    Market Features

    Part 10:

    Investment Opportunity

    Part 11:

    Conclusion

    Market Segment as follows:

    By Region

    Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia]

    Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland]

    North America[United States, Canada, Mexico]

    Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa]

    South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]

    Key Companies

    Dorma

    GEZE

    Briton

    Panasonic

    Ingersoll-Rand

    Schneider

    Stanley

    Allegion

    GMT

    ASSA ABLOY

    Ryobi

    Kaba Group

    AAA Door Closers

    Oubao

    Guangdong Archie

    Hutlon Decoration Material

    Guangdong Kinlong Hardware Products

    Suzhou Fuerda Industry

    Market by Type

    Control of push button

    Control of motion detector

    Control of other device

    Market by Application

    Commercial

    Residential

     

  • With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Automatic Door Closer market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

    Part 1 Market Overview

    1.1 Market Definition

    1.2 Market Development

    1.2.1 Current Situation
    1.2.2 Aspects of COVID-19 Impact

    1.3 By Type

    Table Type of Automatic Door Closer
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019

    1.4 By Application

    Table Application of Automatic Door Closer
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019

    1.5 By Region

    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Region in 2019
    Figure Asia Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Region in 2019
    Part 2 Key Companies

    2.1 Dorma

    2.1.1 Company Profile
    Table Dorma Overview List
    2.1.2 Products & Services Overview
    2.1.3 Sales Data List
    Table Automatic Door Closer Business Operation of Dorma (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

    2.2 GEZE

    2.3 Briton

    2.4 Panasonic

    2.5 Ingersoll-Rand

    2.6 Schneider

    2.7 Stanley
    2.8 Allegion
    2.9 GMT

    2.10 ASSA ABLOY

    2.11 Ryobi
    2.12 Kaba Group
    2.13 AAA Door Closers
    2.14 Oubao
    2.15 Guangdong Archie
    2.16 Hutlon Decoration Material
    2.17 Guangdong Kinlong Hardware Products
    2.18 Suzhou Fuerda Industry
    Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast

    3.1 Global Market by Region

    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Region in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Region in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019

    3.2 Global Market by Company

    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Company in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Company in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019

    3.3 Global Market by Type

    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    3.4 Global Market by Application

    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Global Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    3.5 Global Market by Forecast

    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Global Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast

    4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type

    Table Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application

    Table Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography

    4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure China Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure China Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure China Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure China Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Southeast Asia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Southeast Asia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Southeast Asia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Southeast Asia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure India Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure India Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure India Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure India Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Japan Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Japan Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Japan Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Japan Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Korea Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Korea Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Korea Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Korea Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Oceania Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Oceania Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Oceania Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Oceania Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)

    4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast

    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast

    5.1 Europe Market by Type

    Table Europe Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Europe Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    5.2 Europe Market by Application

    Table Europe Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Europe Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    5.3 Europe Market by Geography

    5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Germany Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Germany Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Germany Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Germany Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure UK Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure UK Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure UK Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure UK Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure France Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure France Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure France Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure France Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Italy Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Italy Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Italy Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Italy Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Russia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Russia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Russia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Russia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Spain Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Spain Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Spain Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Spain Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Netherlands Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Netherlands Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Netherlands Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Netherlands Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Turkey Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Turkey Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Turkey Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Turkey Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Switzerland Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Switzerland Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Switzerland Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Switzerland Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)

    5.4 Europe Market by Forecast

    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Europe Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast

    6.1 North America Market by Type

    Table North America Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table North America Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    6.2 North America Market by Application

    Table North America Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table North America Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    6.3 North America Market by Geography

    6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure United States Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure United States Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure United States Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure United States Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Canada Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Canada Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Canada Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Canada Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Mexico Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Mexico Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Mexico Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Mexico Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)

    6.4 North America Market by Forecast

    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure North America Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast

    7.1 South America Market by Type

    Table South America Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table South America Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    7.2 South America Market by Application

    Table South America Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table South America Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    7.3 South America Market by Geography

    7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Brazil Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Brazil Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Brazil Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Brazil Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Argentina Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Argentina Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Argentina Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Argentina Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Columbia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Columbia Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Columbia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Columbia Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Chile Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Chile Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Chile Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Chile Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure Peru Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Peru Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Peru Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Peru Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)

    7.4 South America Market by Forecast

    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure South America Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast

    8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type

    Table Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

    8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application

    Table Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
    Table Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
    Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

    8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography

    8.3.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure GCC Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure GCC Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure GCC Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure GCC Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    8.3.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure North Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure North Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure North Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure North Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    8.3.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
    Figure South Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
    Figure South Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
    Figure South Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure South Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)

    8.4 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast

    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
    Figure Middle East & Africa Automatic Door Closer Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
    Part 9 Market Features

    9.1 Product Features

    9.2 Price Features

    9.3 Channel Features

    9.4 Purchasing Features

    Part 10 Investment Opportunity

    10.1 Regional Investment Opportunity

    10.2 Industry Investment Opportunity

    PART 11 Coronavirus Impact

    11.1 Impact on Industry Upstream

    11.2 Impact on Industry Downstream

    11.3 Impact on Industry Channels

    11.4 Impact on Industry Competition

    11.5 Impact on Industry Obtain Employment

    Part 12 Conclusion

     

  • The Global Automatic Door Closer Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.

    Report Objectives / Segmentation Covered :
    By Companies / players:
      By Regions:
        By Type:
          By Application:
          Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
          Is the Global Automatic Door Closer Market shifting its focus from growth to value?

          Recognize the areas along the Global Automatic Door Closer Market's value chain where players are generating value. To get a complete picture, kindly read the entire report.

          What are the major applications for Global Automatic Door Closer?

          Global Automatic Door Closer has a wide range of applications, including and others.

          What years are taken into account in the Global Automatic Door Closer Market study?

          The Global Automatic Door Closer Market study evaluates the year spans as follows: Historical year: 2019 to 2024; Base year: 2024; Forecast period**: 2025 to 2030 [** unless otherwise stated]

          What does the future hold for the Global Automatic Door Closer Market?

          As the shift to value addition continues, companies in the Global Automatic Door Closer Market face the dual challenge of improving interoperability to optimize performance and experience.

          How is the Global Automatic Door Closer Market's changing dynamics captured?

          The Global Automatic Door Closer analysis provides high-level qualitative commentary on market dynamics, including information on growth drivers, influential trends, challenges, and opportunities.

          Our Clients