2020-2025 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Report - Production and Consumption Professional Analysis


  • This report elaborates the market size, market characteristics, and market growth of the Cloud Email Security Software industry, and breaks down according to the type, application, and consumption area of Cloud Email Security Software. The report also conducted a PESTEL analysis of the industry to study the main influencing factors and entry barriers of the industry.


    In Chapter 3.4 of the report, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the industry was fully assessed. Fully risk assessment and industry recommendations were made for Cloud Email Security Software in a special period. This chapter also compares the markets of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19.

    In addition, chapters 8-12 consider the impact of COVID-19 on the regional economy.


    Key players in the global Cloud Email Security Software market covered in Chapter 13:

    Cisco

    Barracuda

    SOPHOS (Reflexion)

    Trend Micro

    Symantec

    Avanan

    SolarWinds

    Area 1 Security

    Security Gateway

    FortiMail

    DeliverySlip

    The Email Laundry

    Retruster

    Proofpoint

    SpamTitan


    In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Cloud Email Security Software market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:

    Against Spam and Viruses

    Against Ransomware and Phishing

    Against Data Theft


    In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Cloud Email Security Software market from 2015 to 2025 covers:

    Large Enterprises

    SMEs


    Geographically, the detailed analysis of production, trade of the following countries is covered in Chapter 4.2, 5:

    United States

    Europe

    China

    Japan

    India


    Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 12:

    North America (Covered in Chapter 8)

    United States

    Canada

    Mexico

    Europe (Covered in Chapter 9)

    Germany

    UK

    France

    Italy

    Spain

    Others

    Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 10)

    China

    Japan

    India

    South Korea

    Southeast Asia

    Others

    Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 11)

    Saudi Arabia

    UAE

    South Africa

    Others

    South America (Covered in Chapter 12)

    Brazil

    Others


    Years considered for this report:

    Historical Years: 2015-2019

    Base Year: 2019

    Estimated Year: 2020

    Forecast Period: 2020-2025

     

  • With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Cloud Email Security Software market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

    Table of Content

    1 Cloud Email Security Software Market - Research Scope

    1.1 Study Goals

    1.2 Market Definition and Scope

    1.3 Key Market Segments

    1.4 Study and Forecasting Years


    2 Cloud Email Security Software Market - Research Methodology

    2.1 Methodology

    2.2 Research Data Source

    2.2.1 Secondary Data
    2.2.2 Primary Data
    2.2.3 Market Size Estimation
    2.2.4 Legal Disclaimer

    3 Cloud Email Security Software Market Forces

    3.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    3.2 Top Impacting Factors (PESTEL Analysis)

    3.2.1 Political Factors
    3.2.2 Economic Factors
    3.2.3 Social Factors
    3.2.4 Technological Factors
    3.2.5 Environmental Factors
    3.2.6 Legal Factors

    3.3 Industry Trend Analysis

    3.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19

    3.4.1 Risk Assessment on COVID-19
    3.4.2 Assessment of the Overall Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry
    3.4.3 Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Market Scenario

    3.5 Industry Risk Assessment


    4 Cloud Email Security Software Market - By Geography

    4.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Value and Market Share by Regions

    4.1.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Value ($) by Region (2015-2020)
    4.1.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

    4.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Production and Market Share by Major Countries

    4.2.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
    4.2.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)

    4.3 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Market Share by Regions

    4.3.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
    4.3.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

    5 Cloud Email Security Software Market - By Trade Statistics

    5.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import

    5.2 United States Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)

    5.3 Europe Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)

    5.4 China Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)

    5.5 Japan Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)

    5.6 India Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)

    5.7

    6 Cloud Email Security Software Market - By Type

    6.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)

    6.1.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production by Types (2015-2020)
    6.1.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)

    6.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Value and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)

    6.2.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Value by Types (2015-2020)
    6.2.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)

    6.3 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production, Price and Growth Rate of Against Spam and Viruses (2015-2020)

    6.4 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production, Price and Growth Rate of Against Ransomware and Phishing (2015-2020)

    6.5 Global Cloud Email Security Software Production, Price and Growth Rate of Against Data Theft (2015-2020)


    7 Cloud Email Security Software Market - By Application

    7.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)

    7.1.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
    7.1.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)

    7.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption and Growth Rate of Large Enterprises (2015-2020)

    7.3 Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption and Growth Rate of SMEs (2015-2020)


    8 North America Cloud Email Security Software Market

    8.1 North America Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    8.2 United States Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    8.3 Canada Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    8.4 Mexico Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    8.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market


    9 Europe Cloud Email Security Software Market Analysis

    9.1 Europe Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.2 Germany Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.3 United Kingdom Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.4 France Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.5 Italy Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.6 Spain Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    9.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market

    10 Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Market Analysis

    10.1 Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.2 China Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.3 Japan Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.4 South Korea Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.5 Southeast Asia Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.6 India Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    10.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market

    11 Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Analysis

    11.1 Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    11.2 Saudi Arabia Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    11.3 UAE Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    11.4 South Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market


    12 South America Cloud Email Security Software Market Analysis

    12.1 South America Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    12.2 Brazil Cloud Email Security Software Market Size

    12.3 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market


    13 Company Profiles

    13.1 Cisco

    13.1.1 Cisco Basic Information
    13.1.2 Cisco Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.1.3 Cisco Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.2 Barracuda

    13.2.1 Barracuda Basic Information
    13.2.2 Barracuda Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.2.3 Barracuda Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.3 SOPHOS (Reflexion)

    13.3.1 SOPHOS (Reflexion) Basic Information
    13.3.2 SOPHOS (Reflexion) Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.3.3 SOPHOS (Reflexion) Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.4 Trend Micro

    13.4.1 Trend Micro Basic Information
    13.4.2 Trend Micro Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.4.3 Trend Micro Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.5 Symantec

    13.5.1 Symantec Basic Information
    13.5.2 Symantec Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.5.3 Symantec Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.6 Avanan

    13.6.1 Avanan Basic Information
    13.6.2 Avanan Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.6.3 Avanan Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.7 SolarWinds
    13.7.1 SolarWinds Basic Information
    13.7.2 SolarWinds Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.7.3 SolarWinds Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.8 Area 1 Security
    13.8.1 Area 1 Security Basic Information
    13.8.2 Area 1 Security Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.8.3 Area 1 Security Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.9 Security Gateway
    13.9.1 Security Gateway Basic Information
    13.9.2 Security Gateway Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.9.3 Security Gateway Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    13.10 FortiMail

    13.10.1 FortiMail Basic Information
    13.10.2 FortiMail Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.10.3 FortiMail Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.11 DeliverySlip
    13.11.1 DeliverySlip Basic Information
    13.11.2 DeliverySlip Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.11.3 DeliverySlip Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.12 The Email Laundry
    13.12.1 The Email Laundry Basic Information
    13.12.2 The Email Laundry Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.12.3 The Email Laundry Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.13 Retruster
    13.13.1 Retruster Basic Information
    13.13.2 Retruster Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.13.3 Retruster Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.14 Proofpoint
    13.14.1 Proofpoint Basic Information
    13.14.2 Proofpoint Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.14.3 Proofpoint Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)
    13.15 SpamTitan
    13.15.1 SpamTitan Basic Information
    13.15.2 SpamTitan Product Profiles, Application and Specification
    13.15.3 SpamTitan Cloud Email Security Software Market Performance (2015-2020)

    14 Market Forecast - By Regions

    14.1 North America Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast (2020-2025)

    14.2 Europe Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast (2020-2025)

    14.3 Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast (2020-2025)

    14.4 Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast (2020-2025)

    14.5 South America Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast (2020-2025)


    15 Market Forecast - By Type and Applications

    15.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)

    15.1.1 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Production and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
    15.1.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Value and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)

    15.2 Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)


    List of Tables and Figures
    Figure Cloud Email Security Software Picture
    Table Cloud Email Security Software Key Market Segments
    Figure Study and Forecasting Years
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
    Figure Industry PESTEL Analysis
    Figure Global COVID-19 Status
    Figure Market Size Forecast Comparison of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Value ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Market Share by Regions in 2019
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Market Share by Regions in 2019
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Export Top 3 Country 2019
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Import Top 3 Country 2019
    Table United States Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)
    Table Europe Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)
    Table China Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)
    Table Japan Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)
    Table India Cloud Email Security Software Export and Import (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Production by Types (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Production Share by Type (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Value by Types (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Value Share by Type (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Spam and Viruses Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Spam and Viruses Price (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Ransomware and Phishing Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Ransomware and Phishing Price (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Data Theft Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Against Data Theft Price (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Share by Application (2015-2020)
    Figure Global Large Enterprises Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Global SMEs Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure North America Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table North America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table North America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure North America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure United States Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Canada Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Mexico Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure North America COVID-19 Status
    Figure Europe Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Europe Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table Europe Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Europe Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Germany Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure United Kingdom Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure France Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Italy Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Spain Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
    Figure Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure China Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Japan Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure South Korea Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Southeast Asia Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure India Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
    Figure Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Middle East and Africa Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Saudi Arabia Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure UAE Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure South Africa Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Figure South America Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table South America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
    Table South America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure South America Cloud Email Security Software Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
    Figure Brazil Cloud Email Security Software Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
    Table Cisco Company Profile
    Table Cisco Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Cisco Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Cisco Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Barracuda Company Profile
    Table Barracuda Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Barracuda Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Barracuda Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table SOPHOS (Reflexion) Company Profile
    Table SOPHOS (Reflexion) Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure SOPHOS (Reflexion) Production and Growth Rate
    Figure SOPHOS (Reflexion) Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Trend Micro Company Profile
    Table Trend Micro Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Trend Micro Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Trend Micro Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Symantec Company Profile
    Table Symantec Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Symantec Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Symantec Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Avanan Company Profile
    Table Avanan Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Avanan Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Avanan Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table SolarWinds Company Profile
    Table SolarWinds Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure SolarWinds Production and Growth Rate
    Figure SolarWinds Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Area 1 Security Company Profile
    Table Area 1 Security Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Area 1 Security Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Area 1 Security Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Security Gateway Company Profile
    Table Security Gateway Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Security Gateway Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Security Gateway Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table FortiMail Company Profile
    Table FortiMail Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure FortiMail Production and Growth Rate
    Figure FortiMail Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table DeliverySlip Company Profile
    Table DeliverySlip Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure DeliverySlip Production and Growth Rate
    Figure DeliverySlip Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table The Email Laundry Company Profile
    Table The Email Laundry Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure The Email Laundry Production and Growth Rate
    Figure The Email Laundry Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Retruster Company Profile
    Table Retruster Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Retruster Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Retruster Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table Proofpoint Company Profile
    Table Proofpoint Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure Proofpoint Production and Growth Rate
    Figure Proofpoint Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Table SpamTitan Company Profile
    Table SpamTitan Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
    Figure SpamTitan Production and Growth Rate
    Figure SpamTitan Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
    Figure North America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
    Figure Europe Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
    Figure Asia-Pacific Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
    Figure Middle East and Africa Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
    Figure South America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Production by Types (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Production Share by Types (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Value ($) by Types (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Value Share by Types (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Consumption by Applications (2020-2025)
    Table Global Cloud Email Security Software Market Forecast Consumption Share by Applications (2020-2025)

     

  • The Global Cloud Email Security Software Market has been segregated into various crucial divisions including applications, types, and regions. Each market segment is intensively studied in the report contemplating its market acceptance, worthiness, demand, and growth prospects. The segmentation analysis will help the client to customize their marketing approach to have a better command of each segment and to identify the most prospective customer base.

    Report Objectives / Segmentation Covered :
    By Companies / players:
      By Regions:
        By Type:
          By Application:
          Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
          What gaps and opportunities are seen in the Global Cloud Email Security Software Market?

          The flow of investment into the Global Cloud Email Security Software Market, which is utilizing technologies to drive efficiency and high volume, clearly shows the market opportunity.

          What is the market value of the Global Cloud Email Security Software Industry?

          In 2023, the Global Cloud Email Security Software Market share exceeded USD xx million. Between 2024 and 2029, it will grow at a CAGR of yy%.

          Where does the Global Cloud Email Security Software Industry stands in terms of scaling end-use implementations?

          According to the Global Cloud Email Security Software Market research paper, organizations are making more progress than their supply chain counterparts, including suppliers.

          What makes the latest Global Cloud Email Security Software Market study unique?

          The latest version of the Global Cloud Email Security Software Market study includes a market size breakdown by relevant business segments, applications, and geography, as well as qualitative insights such as Patent Analysis*, Market Entropy, Key Development Activities, Market Dynamics, PEST and PORTER models, and more.

          Our Clients